Quick and Accurate
The NFPA, a preeminent code writing authority in the fire alarm industry, writes
the rules to which all fire detection equipment is measured. The NFPA is a consensus
driven code making organization. The codes produced are the result of both the
study of forensic evidence gathered from past fire disasters and the opinions
of experts. A huge body of fire professionals, including engineers, architects,
manufacturers, firefighters, EMT's, installers, etc., reviews every element
of the code. This group cherishes the value of human life, and will only approve
a code or amendment after those involved can agree that it will provide an improvement
over the current technology. The NFPA is open to suggestions from any inter-ested
party.
Richard Roux, senior electrical engineer for the NFPA, comments on the role
addressable fire alarms play in the improvement of life safety and fire alarm
operation. "A properly designed, installed, tested and maintained addressable
fire alarm system enables responding personnel to identify the location of a
fire quickly and accurately," says Roux.
"Also, an addressable system indicates the status of emergency equipment
or fire safety functions that might affect the safety of occupants in a fire
situation," he continues. "The location of an operated initiating
device is visibly indicated by building, floor, fire zone, or other approved
subdivision by annunciation, printout, or other approved means. It identifies
not only the zone of origin of the alarm initiation but specifically by individual
detector or alarm initiating device."
Building codes, NFPA 101 Life Safety Code and local ordinances often require
each floor of a building to be zoned separately for smoke detectors, waterflow
switches, manual fire alarm boxes, and other initiating devices. "Addressable
systems easily provide individual device status on the fire alarm system control
unit," Roux states. "Addressable multiplex devices often satisfy those
requirements and are a significant improvement over non-addressable technologies."
Once the NFPA determines a technology can perform, then the rest of the industry
and the public decide if they will accept it. Addressable fire alarm technology
has proven itself in regards to both performance and value, and is the standard
in new fire alarm installations. It is frequently applied to upgrades of older
installations as well.
Installation of an addressable system can be less expensive because it is less
complex than conventional wiring and, therefore, can be installed faster. The
addressable fire alarms technologies used are proprietary from manufacturer
to manufacturer but all must be approved by NFPA.
The Big Payoff
The installation cost savings of wireless technology enable dealers to protect
more people that formerly couldn't be protected, comments Joel Christianson,
director of commercial marketing, GE Interlogix. "Those instances include
low-income housing and installations where asbestos abatement would cause delays
and drive up costs," he says.
The benefit of addressable fire alarms, according to Roux, are the enhanced
performance and life safety characteristics. "Address-able detectors and
devices communicate individually with the fire alarm control unit via a signaling
line circuit," he explains.
"In NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code, 1-5.8," says Roux, "you'll
find the requirements pertaining to monitoring for integrity. An addressable
device is a fire alarm system component with discrete identification that can
have its status individually identified or that is used to individually control
other functions. These may be either initiating devices or control appliances.
An initiating device provides the fire alarm system control panel with its status
and actual location. The control appliance receives operating commands from
the fire alarm system control panel. Digital addresses for each device or appliance
can be assigned by the system hardware or software."
Addressable technology makes possible the pinpointing of a fire and therefore
accelerates the speed of response. Addressable systems are mapped: every detection
device has its own ID; and the location of each ID is displayed or otherwise
annunciated locally and almost always digitally communicated in great detail
to the central station or fire department. Where to respond and perhaps a foreknowledge
of the particular scenario (storage room, sleeping area, etc.) of the event
helps firefighters and responders.
Scott Larson, product manager for Faraday Fire Alarm Systems, feels the two
loop addressable panels are as easy to install. "They are versatile systems
that will work in a variety of applications," he states. "You can
put more and more devices on a single addressable loop and integrate that loop
with a variety of other functions such as security and signaling devices."
"The most significant developments in addressable fire alarm technology
is in the field of networking," says Jim Kimpel, product manager for Fire
Control Instruments, Inc. "With more emphasis being placed on system survivability
and flexibility, I see further developments in network system technology including
low cost distributed audio and distributed intelligence. The enhancements will
greatly improve life safety in fire, tornado, and special hazard applications
as well as reduce installation costs even further."
Service and Maintenance are Enhanced
Kimpel agrees that the market is increasingly demanding more cost effective
installed systems while at the same time raising the bar on system survivability.
"Developments in self diagnostic fire alarm technology improve both performance
and life safety by alerting service personnel when detectors and/or modules
become defective or dirty," Kimpel comments. "It allows technicians
to isolate most problems down to an individual sensor which results in a typical
building maintaining the same level of detector sensitivity and protection as
the day the system was commissioned."
These developments benefit the dealer in a couple of ways. First, by reducing
the amount of time a technician spends on an average service call, the dealer
can better utilize his manpower and pass on the resulting savings to the customer.
Kimpel asserts, "The result is a customer who is more likely to request
service on the onset of a problem rather than 'put off' the service due to cost
concerns. This again results in improved life safety."
Self diagnostics never preclude the need for scheduled maintenance, Kimpel clearly
warns. NFPA has established guidelines which ensure that all aspects of fire
systems are maintained. For example, mechanical switch failures on devices like
waterflow switches or manual stations would not be normally detected without
periodic maintenance. Other conditions like bagged detectors, devices left in
ceilings after renovations, audio/visual devices removed or blocked, to name
a few, would go undetected or uncorrected without maintenance.
Scheduled maintenance ensures a better performance and detection, offers Christianson.
"Self diagnostics is a fail-safe feature from the manufacturer to better
protect the end user," he says.
The value of addressable fire alarms is also a long term payback to both the
client and the installer because servicing and maintenance of addressables is
far more efficiently performed than with conventional systems where multiple
devices share a loop and are unable to identify troubles individually. Addressable
fire alarm systems and wireless fire alarms are major advances in electronic
life safety. They permit faster installations, provide concise reporting of
fire events, expedite troubleshooting and, along with the host of other features
incorporated into microprocessor based FAC's, bring the fire protection to higher
levels than ever before.
