Fiber optic transmission systems provide a substantial number of well known benefits. Fiber offers speed and security, and is not subject to the abnormalities suffered by RF. With the rapid conversion over to digital signal processing and digital to digital system architectures, the speed and bandwidth available from fiber can be fully exploited.
Fiber optics in security applications today is much different than when it originated in the mid-80s, as a black-box technology: signals were connected to the fiber transmitter over copper, converted to light, transmitted over glass fiber, then reconverted to electrical signals by the receiver and output over copper. Most development during the first ten years was focused on increasing the types of signals supported and increasing the number of signals transmitted over one fiber. Troubleshooting a system used to frequently require high experience levels and expensive test equipment.
Security Dealer's Technical Editor Tim O'Leary taps Fiber Option's Jerry Jacobsen to shed some (laser generated) light on the new developments at one of the companies leading the way in fiber technology.
SD:
What is the difference between single mode and multimode fiber?
JJ: Multimode fiber has a wider core (most
common is 62.5 microns), whereas single-mode fiber is 8.3 microns. "Mode"
means "light path" in simple terms, and multimode fiber allows a burst
of light to take a wide range of different paths to the receiver, some rays
reflecting many times, some reflecting few times. This causes the original sharp
pulse to arrive at the receiver somewhat spread out. In single-mode fiber, only
one path is available, and a signal does not experience the spreading effect.
At some distance in multimode, beam spreading will cause the signal to be undecipherable
at the receiver. Since there is no beam spreading in single-mode, the operating
distance can be much greater. The bandwidth in each is affected in the same
way.
SD: An important issue
when designing fiber optic distribution systems is the "optical budget"
which refers to the maximum amount of signal loss which can be tolerated by
the various system elements. It is somewhat analogous to signal-to-noise ratio,
a term used in analog? Does fiber mode type have any affect on the optical budget?
JJ: No, everything else being equal, it
doesn't. However, the same optical budget produces much different operating
distances: a 13 db multimode unit yields 5.2 km and a single-mode unit yields
32 km.
SD: Is it correct that
the 712D-4 enables sending receiving digital data over fiber and the data device
port connects via copper to the 712D?
JJ: Each 712D connects to other 712D units
by fiber. A data device, such as an access card reader, connects to the 712D
with copper.
SD: Many CCTV systems
utilize analog devices, does Fiber Options offer A/D or D/A converters?
JJ: Yes. We have an extensive line of products
for converting analog video or audio to digital formats for transmission. The
A/D and D/A converters are built in.
SD: Fiber Options products
offer built-in diagnostics to help isolate the sources of problems. Can you
explain how they work?
JJ: These diagnostic aids are in the form
of colored LEDs, which show if the transmitter is receiving a good signal, if
the condition of the fiber, and if the output electrical signal was good. In
units supporting multiple signal types, such as video, audio and data, there
may be several LEDs. The new diagnostic systems are incorporated in a new brand
of fiber products called Omega, and consist of three types of diagnostics: more
extensive LED displays covering more aspects of the system in which the fiber
equipment is incorporated; built-in video, audio, and data generators to permit
testing a fiber link without connecting it to any other device. Loop-back testing
is provided where appropriate; and on-screen displays to show the status of
video inputs at the transmitter to the system operator at the receiver end.
The new diagnostics now provide information not only about the fiber units themselves
but also a great deal of information about any devices connected to the fiber
links. Fiber Options calls it Status Monitoring And Reliability Test System,
or SMARTS.
SD: Let's talk about
the LED displays, specifically.
JJ: LEDs may be one or two color, and two-color
LEDs also attach a diagnosis to the blank or off state. Parameters covered by
LEDs include optical signal strength (our patented LEVEL/LOSS display), laser
condition, video in and out, audio in and out, data in and out, contact closure,
relay operation, data enabled (on MPD units), audio level and optical level
bar graphs and numerous others.
SD: What about the built-in
signal generators?
JJ: The first of these were introduced with
our new Multiprotocol Data (MPD) products. By simply selecting the test setting
on a switch, a data generator in the transmitter would send a signal over fiber
to the receiver, where the LEDs would indicate whether or not the link is working.
No data equipment need be connected, and this speeds up the installation process.
If the unit is designed for two-way transmission, then the test signal can be
looped back to the transmitter for analysis, eliminating the need for separate
communication between installers at each end of the link.
Very recently, Fiber Options has added built-in video and audio signal generators to its video and audio products that allow those functions to be tested without connection to external equipment also. The results of these internal system tests are displayed on the LED arrays.
SD: What is the latest
addition to the SMARTS suite?
JJ: That would be the on-screen monitor
displays for links that support video transmission. By displaying the information
on the monitors that the security personnel are watching, it is possible to
identify video signal problems without going to the Fiber Options link to check
the LEDs. It works like this: a single white bar on a monitor indicates that
there is no video input to that channel at the receiver; a double white bar
indicates that there is no optical input at the receiver; and a video test pattern
indicates that there is no video input at the transmitter on any channel.
SD: What developments
can you point to as far as Ethernet, Self-Healing Ring and CWDM Technology?
JJ: In recognizing the shift to network
solutions for many communications technologies, including security, Fiber Options
has moved into that arena with the S713D and the S714D products. The S713D supports
10Base-T Ethernet protocol, while the S714D supports 10/100Base-T Fast Ethernet.
The S714D is the first in the security market to support Fast Ethernet.
Fiber Options is also offering the most capable and sophisticated
data ring topology. The S712D also supports a variety of advanced data topologies.
Fiber Options has exclusive arrangement with the world's only manufacturer of
multimode CWDM optics, which has allowed us to introduce products never before
possible.
Basically, the CWDM technology enables Fiber Options to multiplex up to 16 high-quality videos, without compression, on a single multimode fiber. Considering that many fiber installations are straining at the limitations imposed by an inadequate number of fibers for current needs, the CWDM line promises to solve a lot of problems for a lot of people.